11114133
4KA18
Questions 1-11
There are two basic types of glaciers, those that flow outward in all directions with little regard for any underlying terrain and those that are confined by terrain to a particular path.
The first category of glaciers includes those massive blankets that cover whole continents, appropriately called ice sheets. There must be over 50,000 square kilometers of land covered with ice for the glacier to qualify as an ice sheet. When portions of an ice sheet spread out over the ocean, they form ice shelves.
About 20,000 years ago the Cordilleran Ice Sheet covered nearly all the mountains in southern Alaska, western Canada, and the western United States. It was about 3 kilometers deep at its thickest point in northern Alberta. Now there are only two sheets left on Earth, those covering Greenland and Antarctica
.
Any domelike body of ice that also flows out in all directions but covers less than 50,000 square kilometers is called an ice cap. Although ice caps are rare nowadays, there are a number in northeastern Canada, on Baffin Island, and on the Queen Elizabeth Islands.
The second category of glaciers includes those of a variety of shapes and sizes generally called mountain or alpine glaciers. Mountain glaciers are typically identified by the landform that controls their flow. One form of mountain glacier that resembles an ice cap in that it flows outward in several directions is called an ice field. The difference between an ice field and an ice cap is subtle. Essentially, the flow of an ice field is somewhat controlled by surrounding terrain and thus does not have the domelike shape of a cap. There are several ice fields in the Wrangell. St. Elias, and Chugach mountains of Alaska and northern British Columbia.
Less spectacular than large ice fields are the most common types of mountain glaciers: the cirque and valley glaciers. Cirque glaciers are found in depressions in the surface of the land and have a characteristic circular shape. The ice of valley glaciers, bound by terrain, flows down valleys, curves around their corners, and falls over cliffs.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. Where major glaciers are located
B. How glaciers shape the land
C. How glaciers are formed
D. The different kinds of glaciers
Answer :
D → The different kinds of glaciers
2. The word “massive” in line 3 is closest in meaning to
A. huge
B. strange
C. cold
D. recent
Answer :
A → huge
3. It can be inferred that ice sheets are so named for which of the following reasons?
A. They are confined to mountain valleys.
B. They cover large areas of land.
C. They are thicker in some areas than in others.
D. They have a characteristic circular shape.
Answer :
B → They cover large areas of land.
4. According to the passage, ice shelves can be found
A. covering an entire continent
B. buried within the mountains
C. spreading into the ocean
D. filling deep valleys
Answer :
C → spreading into the ocean
5. According to the passage, where was the Cordilleran Ice Sheet thickest?
A. Alaska
B. Greenland
C. Alberta
D. Antarctica
Answer :
C → Alberta
A. small
B. unusual
C. valuable
D. widespread
Answer :
B → unusual
A. Their shape
B. Their flow
C. Their texture
D. Their location
Answer :
B → Their flow
A. glacier
B. cap
C. difference
D. terrain
Answer :
A → glacier
A. slight
B. common
C. important
D. measurable
Answer :
A → slight
10. All of the following are alpine glaciers EXCEPT
A. cirque glaciers
B. ice caps
C. valley glaciers
D. ice fields
Answer :
B → ice caps
11. Which of the following types of glaciers does the author use to illustrate the two basic types of glaciers mentioned in line 1?
A. Ice fields and cirques
B. Cirques and alpine glaciers
C. Ice sheets and ice shelves
D. Ice sheets and mountain glaciers
Answer :
D → Ice sheets and mountain glaciers
Question 12-21
Tools and hand bones excavated from the Swartkrans cave complex in South Africa suggest that a close relative of early humans known as Australopithecus robustus may have made and used primitive tools long before the species became extinct I million Line years ago. It may even have made and used primitive tools long before humanity’s direct ancestor, Homo habilis, or “handy man,” began doing so. Homo habilis and its successor, Homo erectus, coexisted with Australopithecus robustus on the plains of South Africa for more than a million years.
The Swartkrans cave in South Africa has been under excavation since the 1940’s. The earliest fossil-containing layers of sedimentary rock in the cave date from about 1.9 million years ago and contain extensive remains of animals, primitive tools, and two or more species of apelike hominids. The key recent discovery involved bones from the hand of Australopithecus robustus, the first time such bones have been found.
The most important feature of the Australopithecus robustus hand was the pollical distal thumb tip, the last bone in the thumb. The bone had an attachment point for a “uniquely human” muscle, the flexor pollicis longus, that had previously been found only in more recent ancestors. That muscle gave Australopithecus robustutJ an opposable thumb, a feature that would allow them to grip objects, including tools. The researchers also found primitive bone and stone implements, especially digging tools, in the same layers of sediments.
Australopithecus robustus were more heavily built- more “robust” in anthropological terms-than their successors. They had broad faces, heavy jaws, and massive crushing and grinding teeth that were used for eating hard fruits, seeds, and fibrous underground plant parts. They walked upright, which would have allowed them to carry and use tools. Most experts had previously believed that Homo habilis were able to supplant Australopithecus robustus because the former’s ability to use tools gave them an innate superiority. The discovery that Australopithecus robustus also used tools means that researchers will have to seek other explanations for their extinction. Perhaps their reliance on naturally occurring plants led to their downfall as the climate became drier and cooler, or perhaps Homo habilis, with their bigger brains, were simply able tomake more sophisticated tools.
12. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that all of the following may have made and used tools EXCEPT.
A. Australopithecus robustus
B. Homo erectus
C. Homo habilis
D. Australopithecus robustus’ ancestors
Answer :
D → Australopithecus robustus’ ancestors
13. The word “extensive” in line 9 is closest in meaning to
A. numerous
B. exposed
C. ancient
D. valuable
Answer :
A → numerous
14. Which of the following does the author mention as the most important recent discovery made in the Swartkrans cave?
A. Tools
B. Teeth
C. Plant fossils
D. Hand bones
Answer :
D → Hand bones
15. What does the third paragraph ‘mainly discuss?
A. Features of Australopithecus robustus’ hand
B. Purposes for which hominids used tools
C. Methods used to determine the age of fossils
D. Significant plant fossils found in layers of sediment
Answer :
A → Features of Australopithecus robustus’ hand
16. It can be inferred from the description in the last paragraph that Australopithecus robustus was so named because of the species’
A. ancestors
B. thumb
C. build
D. diet
Answer :
C → build
17. The word “supplant” in line 22 is closest in meaning to
A. exploit
B. displace
C. understand
D. imitate
Answer :
B → displace
18. The word “them” in line 23 refers to
A. tools
B. Homo habilis
C. Australopithecus robustus
D. experts
Answer :
B → Homo habilis
19. What does the author suggest is unclear about Australopithecus robustus?
A. Whether they used tools
B. What they most likely ate
C. Whether they are closely related to humans
D. Why they became extinct
Answer :
D → Why they became extinct
20. The phrase “reliance on” in line 24 is closest in meaning to
A. impact on
B. dependence on
C. tolerance of
D. discovery of
Answer :
B → dependence on
21. Where in the passage does the author mention the materials from which tools were made?
A. Lines 7-9
B. Lines 12-13
C. Lines 15-17
D. Lines 21-23
Answer :
B → dependence on
Questions 22-25
The first two decades of this century were dominated by the microbe hunters. These hunters had tracked down one after another of the microbes responsible for the most dreaded scourges of many centuries: tuberculosis, cholera, diphtheria. But there, remained some terrible diseases for which no microbe could be incriminated: scurvy, pellagra, rickets, beriberi. Then it was discovered that these diseases were caused by the lack of vitamins, a trace substance in the diet. The diseases could be prevented or cured by consuming foods that contained the vitamins. And so in the decades of the 1920’s and 1930’s, nutrition became a science and the vitamin hunters replaced the microbe hunters.
In the 1940’s and 1950’s, biochemists strived to learn why each of the vitamins was essential for health. They discovered that key enzymes in metabolism depend on one or another of the vitamins as coenzymes to perform the chemistry that provides cells with energy for growth and function. Now, these enzyme hunters occupied center stage.
You are aware that the enzyme hunters have been replaced by a new breed of hunters who are tracking genes-the blueprints for each of the enzymes-and are discovering the defective genes that cause inherited diseases-diabetes, cystic fibrosis. These gene hunters, or genetic engineers, use recombinant DNA technology to identify and clone genes and introduce them into bacterial cells and plants to create factories for the massive production of hormones and vaccines for medicine and for better crops for agriculture. Biotechnology has become a multibillion-dollar industry.
In view of the inexorable progress in science, we can expect that the gene hunters will be replaced in the spotlight. When and by whom? Which kind of hunter will dominate the scene in the last decade of our waning century and in the early decades of the next? I wonder whether the hunters who will occupy the spotlight will be neurobiologists who apply the techniques of the enzyme and gene hunters to the functions of the brain: What to call them? The head hunters. I will return to them later.
22. What is the main topic of the passage?
A. The microbe hunters
B. The potential of genetic engineering
C. The progress of modem medical research
D. The discovery of enzymes
Answer :
C → The progress of modem medical research
A. diseases
B. microbe
C. cholera
D. diphtheria
Answer :
A → diseases
A. investigated
B. blamed
C. eliminated
D. produced
Answer :
B → blamed
A. Tuberculosis
B. Cholera
C. Cystic fibrosis
D. Pellagra
Answer :
D → Pellagra
Reference :
http://www.geniustoefl.com/artikel-ilmu-kunci-toefl/artikel/reading-comprehension/contoh-soal-pembahasan-reading-comprehension-tes-toefl
